Understanding Post Entry Sorting Of Adenovirus Capsids; A Chance To Change Vaccine Vector Properties Part2
Mar 06, 2023
5. Conclusions
As demonstrated in this review, the development of Ad-based (vaccine) vectors with specific and desired properties is in part driven by a comparison between available Ad species without necessarily understanding the mechanisms behind existing differences. The lack of data concerning the underlying biology for most vectors, other than species C, means that relying on rare or non-human serotypes bears a risk of missing out on properties or overlooking problems that can arise. We strongly advocate to ameliorate this lack of knowledge by pairing vector development and application with investigating the underlying vector and virus biology.
In the meantime, we believe that the existing knowledge base on Ad biology, especially for species C viruses, could help with the design of new Ad vectors, including rare or non-human species, using rational design. In this review, we highlighted the link between Ad post-entry sorting and the ensuing innate immune response and provided examples of how Ad post-entry sorting differs between species and has been modulated. The non-exhaustive list of possible capsid modifications exemplified on capsid protein VI and restricted to Ad2/5 shows the great potential that still lies buried in the Ad capsid, waiting to be exploited. Lysosomal membrane damage, such as early endosomal membrane damage, also triggers autophagy, but in addition results in oxidative stress that alters the innate immune response of the cell [383]. Altering the endo-lysosomal escape process of species B, species D, or non-human Ad by introducing desirable mutations into the respective protein VI gene is only one of the possible options that come to mind. Other capsid proteins may hold additional functions related to transport or immune modulation. Extending rational capsid modifications to last-generation HCAd vectors and optimized antigen expression cassettes hold great promise for the next generation of Ad-based vaccine vectors.
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Author Contributions:
C.F.D., N.P., and H.W. wrote, reviewed, and edited the paper. C.F.D. and N.P. contributed equally to this manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding:
C.F.D. received support from the Agence Nationale de la recherche (project VirMEDACO grant number ANR-19-CE15-0013-01) and N.P. received support from the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale en France FRM DEQ20180339229. H.W. is an INSERM fellow.
Acknowledgments:
We acknowledge the help of Sarah Cookson for manuscript preparation.
Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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